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Volume 115 Issue 4
- Research article
by
1Department of Landscape Architecture, Stuart Weitzman School of Design, University of Pennsylvania, 119 Meyerson Hall, 210 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA19104-6311, USA
2Associate Professor, Department of Real Estate Management, HungKuo Delin University of Technology, No. 1, Lane 380, Qingyun Road, Tucheng District, New Taipei City
- Volume 115 Issue 4
- Pages: 150
- - 169
- https://doi.org/10.70517/la20251154-09
Heat adaptation of compact temperate neighborhoods usually relies on green spaces since additional land to accommodate larger parks is scarce. The heat mitigation capacity of such spaces cannot be estimated just in terms of their surface areas. One-hectare intervention may perform like a shade destination, cooling interface with streets, or both depending on patch division, compactness, grouping, width of streets, and direction of streets. Street-Coupled Thermal Allocation (SCTA) methodology is utilized in order to find out which one-hectare layout suits best each of four neighborhood morphologies when pedestrians’ heat stress is considered the goal of urban planning. Numerical parameter sets incorporate four types of streets and eight types of one-hectare layouts. Four street types, designated as T1 to T4, vary in street area share, height-to-width ratio, and orientation composition. Eight layouts of one hectare, referred to as S1 to S8, differ in patch area, total patch number, shape index, grouping property, and association with wide and narrow streets. Calculation is performed separately in respect of Local Green Refuge Score and Street Cooling Transfer Score with further aggregation of these two scores with coefficients 0.55 and 0.45, respectively. It turned out that grouped and compact layouts (S7, S8) ensure maximum performance with regard to local refuge, and grouped wide streets provide maximum cooling transfer capacity (S1, S3). Combining the two scores yields maximum values in favor of S1 layout within T1, T2, and T4, equaling to 0.719, 0.689, and 0.740, respectively. Layout S8 wins in terms of SCTA score for T3 with score equaling to 0.721 and also proves to be very effective for T4 neighborhood morphotype with SCTA value of 0.730. Layout S3 maintains its good performance throughout and reaches 0.728 in case of T4 type of morphology. The results suggest that one-hectare green space layout optimization is a morphology-related task, whereby grouping and wide streets are more appropriate for the street cooling transfer goal, while compact cross-street placement is better for diagonal morphology.
- Research article
by
1Department of Urban Design and Landscape Planning Greenfield State University United States
- Volume 115 Issue 4
- Pages: 125
- - 149
- https://doi.org/10.70517/la20251154-08
Planning of nature-based solution interventions in cities typically starts with typology lists, as opposed to calibration of performance models based on local conditions. Such practice generates practical selection problems in Global South cities where floods, heat stress, water pollution, droughts, biodiversity depletion, erosion, air pollution, and lack of equal access to urban nature are often co-occurring challenges even before the availability of performance evidence on costs, land-use, and performance. Typologies of interventions are selected according to scale-weighted functional leverage, functional range, spatial continuity, and medium coupling criteria for keeping only those intervention families that will be assessed further. Scale-Weighted Functional Leverage (SWFL) is calculated for four types of implementation media: water, land, built structures, and hybrid water–land media. Fourteen resilience functions are kept: biodiversity, heat regulation, water-pollution regulation, pluvial flood regulation, coastal flood regulation, river flood regulation, drought regulation, air-pollution regulation, erosion regulation, river navigation improvement, riverbank erosion regulation, social resilience, coastal flood and erosion regulation, and general flood regulation. The most common medium among 32 interventions is water, accounting for 16 interventions, followed by land, responsible for 12 interventions, built structure for three interventions, and one hybrid water and land intervention. Biodiversity is the most common function represented by 19 interventions, compared to single representation of social resilience, river navigation improvement, and riverbank erosion regulation. Neutral SWFL values result in selection of mangrove restoration, green–blue infrastructure, and urban forest systems as leading solutions, and river management and restoration interventions are also important because they help to preserve rare functions of rivers. Ranking of typologies based on priority weighting puts green–blue infrastructure as number one under heat and air categories, raises rainwater harvesting systems under drought and pluvial challenges, and includes urban gardens as a necessity under social and biodiversity categories. Selection of minimum coverage set demonstrates the need for portfolio of interventions as means of achieving broad resilience coverage.
- Research article
by
1School of English Language and culture, Xi’an Fanyi University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710105, China
- Volume 115 Issue 4
- Pages: 105
- - 124
- https://doi.org/10.70517/la20251153-07
Large metropolitan green spaces can be described using the total share of land cover types or an ecosystem-services index, but these metrics do not indicate whether vegetation producing the desired services overlaps with people affected by sealing, emissions, heating, surface water runoff, and poor local green space. This paper considers Moscow based on population-oriented ordinally sufficient analysis of the largest urbanized territory. The available data consists of 118 administrative districts, residential quarters, regular grid cells, more than 12 million residents, 841 landscaped objects of green infrastructure, 202.1 km2 of landscaped green infrastructure, 86 nature reserves covering 149.8 km2, and six physical services. Calculation is performed with thresholds and score distributions of sanitary-zone vegetation, stormwater regulation, cooling capacity, cultural green access, residential green provision, and roadside green space. Each block is assessed for adequate land share and adequate resident share such that ecological sufficiency and resident coverage will not be confused. It is concluded that there is little correlation between metropolitan green abundance and resident sufficiency. Regulating services appear to be the largest deficit, with adequate land share rising from 12.0% of district area to 19.2% of grid area, whereas adequate resident share goes up merely from 11.3% to 11.7%. Cultural access and residential provision are better accounted for by quarter level with 48.4% of adequate area and 38.3% of adequate population. Roadside green space shows greatest sensitivity to the grid-level analysis with 37.2% of adequate area and 34.2% of adequate population. Moscow therefore has plenty of green space infrastructure but lacks resident sufficiency due to insufficient overlap of ecological services and human exposure to urban environment.
Call for Papers
Landscape Architecture invites submissions for Volume 2026, Issue 3, scheduled for publication in September 2026. The journal welcomes high-quality scholarly contributions that advance research, theory, criticism, and applied knowledge in landscape architecture and related fields.